7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) wani flavonoid ne da ke faruwa a zahiri wanda ke nuna alkawari a fannoni daban-daban na lafiya. Idan kuna sha'awar abubuwan haɓaka na halitta ko kayan abinci na abinci waɗanda zasu iya tallafawa lafiyar kwakwalwa, yanayi, da jin daɗin rayuwa gabaɗaya, 7,8-DHF na iya zama darajar bincika. 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Foda wanda Suzhou Myland ya bayar yana da lambar CAS na 38183-03-8 da tsabta har zuwa 98%. Samfurin ya sami ingantaccen kulawar inganci kuma ya bi ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa, yana tabbatar da inganci da amincin samfurin. , dace da bincike na kimiyya, ci gaban ƙwayoyi, samar da samfuran kiwon lafiya da sauran fannoni, samar muku da ingantaccen zaɓi.
7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF)wani fili flavonoid ne da ba kasafai yake faruwa a yanayi ba. An gano shi a cikin Astragalus pumila, Primula grandifolia da Hubei crabapple. Ya fito a matsayin fili mai ban sha'awa nootropic. Ya nuna nau'ikan tasirin neuropharmacological a cikin karatun preclinical,
Flavonoids wani nau'in mahadi ne na polyphenolic da ake samu a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu, da sauran tushen shuka iri-iri. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sun sami kulawa mai yawa saboda antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, da neuroprotective Properties.
An nuna waɗannan mahadi don samun tasiri mai amfani akan kwakwalwa, ciki har da haɓaka aikin fahimi da hana cututtukan neurodegenerative. 7,8-DHF shine ɗayan shahararrun mahaɗan polyphenolic waɗanda ke karɓar ƙarin hankali azaman nootropic. An yi nazarinsa don yuwuwar tasirinsa akan yanayi, ƙwaƙwalwa, koyo, damuwa, da sauran ayyukan fahimi.
Abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙwayoyin cuta na 7,8-DHF ana tsammanin za su shiga tsakani ta hanyar hulɗar ta tare da takamaiman masu karɓa. An samo shi a matsayin TrkA, mai karɓa wanda ke da hannu a cikin siginar haɓakar jijiyoyi kuma yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar neuronal da filastik.
7,8-DHF yana aiki ta hanyar daidaita maganganun masu karɓa daban-daban, ciki har da subunits masu karɓa na glutamate da BDNF. Hakanan yana rinjayar samuwar synapse, makamashin makamashi, da sakin acetylcholine a wasu sassan kwakwalwa.
Bugu da kari, an san ciwon kasusuwa a matsayin “mai kashe shiru” na jikin dan Adam, wanda ke matukar yin barazana ga lafiyar masu matsakaitan shekaru da kuma tsofaffi, musamman matan da suka shude. A ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayin ilimin lissafi na al'ada, gyaran kashi yana cikin daidaitattun yanayi; amma lokacin da aka sami rashin daidaituwa tsakanin samuwar kashi na osteoblast-matsakaici da kuma daidaitawar kashi na osteoclast, kuma adadin kashin da aka samu bai isa ya kara yawan kashin da aka sha ba, yawan kashi zai ragu. , microstructure na nama na kashi ya lalace, yana haifar da osteoporosis.
7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) wani flavonoid ne mai shuka wanda zai iya kwaikwayi aikin kwakwalwar neurotrophic factor (BDNF), haifar da dimerization na masu karɓa na TrkB kuma yana kunna ƙwayoyin siginar ta ƙasa. Nazarin ya nuna cewa BDNF na iya inganta bambance-bambancen osteoblast da ƙaura da kuma hanzarta warkar da karaya.
7,8-DHF na iya inganta haɓakawa da bambance-bambancen osteoblasts ta hanyar yin hulɗa tare da TrkB da kunna hanyar siginar Wnt / β-catenin, kuma zai iya hana tsararrun osteoclasts ta hanyar ƙaddamar da ma'anar fassarar c-fos; Bugu da ƙari, 7,8-DHF na iya inganta yanayin osteoporosis a cikin ratsan ovariectomized.
Tsarin sinadaran da kaddarorin 7,8-dihydroxyflavone
Ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl guda biyu akan zoben benzene da ƙungiyar hydroxyl ɗaya akan zoben pyrrolone. Bari mu dubi tsarin sinadarai na 7,8-dihydroxyflavone:
Tsarin kwayoyin halitta na 7,8-DHF shine C15H10O5, yana nuna cewa ya ƙunshi 15 carbon atoms, 10 hydrogen atoms, da kuma 5 oxygen atoms.
7,8-Dihydroxyflavone ne rawaya crystalline m tare da kwayoyin nauyin 286.24 g/mol. Yana da ɗan narkewa cikin ruwa saboda ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl da yawa waɗanda zasu iya haɗa hydrogen zuwa kwayoyin ruwa.
7,8-DHF tsarin aiki: tsarin BDNF da kunna mai karɓa na Trkb
Dangane da tsarin aiki, 7,8-DHF an san shi don haɓaka samar da BDNF (factor neurotrophic da aka samu na kwakwalwa) ta hanyar ɗaurewa da kunna mai karɓa na TrkB. Ba tare da samun fasaha mai yawa ba, wannan yana haifar da raguwa na ayyukan salula wanda ke da amfani wajen kiyaye aikin neuronal da ya dace da kuma inganta neurogenesis.
Bari mu kalli babban yanayin aikin 7,8-DHF a ƙasa.
Factor neurotrophic da aka samu Brain (BDNF) da rawar da yake takawa a cikin neuroplasticity
Tare da gano cewa maganganun neurotrophic factor (BDNF) da aka samu daga kwakwalwa yana raguwa a cikin cututtukan neurodegenerative, musamman cutar Alzheimer (AD), mahimmancinsa wajen kiyayewa da haɓaka lafiyar kwakwalwa yana ƙara bayyana. .
BDNF yana da mahimmanci ga ayyuka daban-daban na neuronal yayin da yake inganta watsawar synaptic, synaptogenesis, da filastik synaptic ta hanyar sigina tare da masu karɓar TrkB. Wannan ya sa hanyar siginar BDNF-TrkB ta zama manufa mai ban sha'awa don haɓaka hanyoyin maganin warkewa da nufin magance cututtukan neurodegenerative.
Nazarin baya-bayan nan sun shiga cikin yuwuwar fa'idodin ƙaramin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta TrkB agonist 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) a cikin rage tasirin farkon cututtukan cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da AD. A cikin binciken ƙirar linzamin kwamfuta na 5xFAD na AD, an bi da beraye tare da 7,8-DHF na tsawon watanni biyu waɗanda suka fara a wata ɗaya.
Sakamakon wannan binciken ya nuna yiwuwar warkewa na 7,8-DHF a cikin magance gyare-gyaren neurochemical da ke da alaka da AD da alamun cututtuka. Musamman ma, jiyya na 7,8-DHF ya haifar da raguwar abubuwan da ke cikin cortical Aβ plaque, babban alamar AD.
Bugu da ƙari kuma, yana kare ƙwayoyin cuta na cortical daga raguwa a cikin hadaddun arbor dendritic, yana taimakawa wajen kula da tsarin neuronal gaba ɗaya. Duk da haka, bai yi tasiri sosai ba akan dendritic kashin baya.
A cewar Aytan, Nurgul da sauransu, maganin ya kuma nuna tasirin neuroprotective a cikin hippocampus, yana hana haɓaka matakan mahadi masu ɗauke da choline da rage asarar glutamate.
Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (Trkb) hanyar siginar mai karɓa
A cikin 2010, ƙungiyar Farfesa Ye Keqiang na Jami'ar Emory ta ba da rahoto a karo na farko a cikin Ayyukan Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa (PNAS) cewa 7,8-DHF za a iya amfani da shi azaman ƙayyadaddun ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta tropomyosin receptor kinase B ( TrkB), wanda zai iya kwaikwaya Ayyukan neurotrophic da aka samu na kwakwalwa (BDNF) yana ƙara kunna hanyoyin sigina a ƙasa na TrkB, kamar MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt da PKC. Bugu da ƙari, binciken da aka yi a baya ya gano cewa 7,8-DHF na iya rage yawan kiba mai-mai-mai-mai-mai-kiba a cikin mice mata ta hanyar kunna ƙwayar tsoka TrkB, yana nuna bambancin jinsi.
Halin neurotrophic da aka samu na kwakwalwa (BDNF) na iya inganta bambancin osteoblast, ƙaura da waraka. BDNF memba ne na dangin neurotrophic factor iyali kuma yana daidaita nau'ikan hanyoyin rayuwa ta hanyar ɗaure mai karɓar mai karɓar tyrosine kinase B (TrkB). Duk da haka, siginar TrkB da BDNF ta haifar ya kasance mai wucewa a 10 min kuma ya yi girma a 60 min. Koyaya, BDNF yana da ɗan gajeren rabin rayuwa kuma ba zai iya ketare shingen kwakwalwar jini cikin sauƙi ba.
7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) wani flavonoid ne mai tsire-tsire wanda zai iya shawo kan iyakokin da ke sama na BDNF kuma an gano shi azaman aikin BDNF mimetic kuma yanzu ana amfani dashi a cikin nau'o'in kwayoyin halitta da tsarin salula An tabbatar da cewa zai iya haifar da dimerization na TrkB kuma ya kunna kwayoyin siginar sa na ƙasa.
Mai karɓar mai karɓa na tropomyosin kinase B (TrkB) yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita tasirin BDNF akan neurons. A matsayin mai karɓa na tyrosine kinase mai karɓa, TrkB shine mai karɓa na farko don BDNF kuma ya fara ƙaddamar da abubuwan siginar intracellular akan ɗaure ga abubuwan neurotrophic.
BDNF yana kunna TrkB don haifar da hanyoyi masu mahimmanci na ciki, ciki har da phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) -Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) -extracellular siginar-regulated kinase (ERK), da phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) -protein kinase C ( PKC) hanyar. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan hanyoyin yana ba da gudummawa ga wani bangare na aikin neuronal da jin daɗin rayuwa.
Hanyar PI3K-Akt tana da mahimmanci don haɓaka rayuwar neuronal da hana apoptosis. BDNF-TrkB siginar yana kunna wannan hanya don ƙara yawan rayuwar sel ta hanyar hana abubuwan pro-apoptotic da ƙarfafa abubuwan anti-apoptotic, don haka tabbatar da kiyaye lafiyar ƙwayoyin cuta.
A gefe guda, hanyar MAPK-ERK tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin bambance-bambancen neuronal da haɓakawa. BDNF-TrkB siginar yana inganta kunna hanyar MAPK-ERK, wanda hakan yana goyan bayan balaga neuronal da bambance-bambancen su da haɗin kai a cikin cibiyoyin sadarwar neuronal.
Hanyar PLCγ-PKC tana da mahimmanci don daidaita filastik synaptic, babban tsari na koyo da ƙwaƙwalwa. BDNF-TrkB siginar yana daidaita ayyukan wannan hanyar, a ƙarshe yana haifar da canje-canje a ƙarfin synaptic da haɗin kai.
Wannan gyare-gyaren yana inganta daidaitawa da sake tsarawa na da'irori na jijiyoyi don mayar da martani ga sababbin abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli.
Neuroprotective Properties
Bincike ya nuna cewa wannan flavonoid yana kare neurons daga damuwa na oxidative da apoptosis (mutuwar kwayar halitta). Danniya na Oxidative abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin cututtukan neurodegenerative kamar Alzheimer's da cutar Parkinson. Ta hanyar kawar da radicals kyauta da rage lalacewar oxidative, 7,8-DHF na iya taimakawa wajen kare mutuncin neuronal da aiki.
A cikin nazarin dabba, an nuna 7,8-DHF don inganta aikin tunani da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Misali, a cikin samfuran cutar Alzheimer, an nuna 7,8-DHF don haɓaka filastik synaptic, wanda ke da mahimmanci don koyo da ƙwaƙwalwa. Hanyar aiki
Anti-mai kumburi sakamako
Baya ga kaddarorin sa na neuroprotective, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone kuma yana da tasirin anti-mai kumburi. Kumburi na yau da kullun shine yanayin gama gari na cututtuka da yawa, gami da cututtukan neurodegenerative. Ta hanyar daidaita hanyoyi masu kumburi, 7,8-DHF na iya taimakawa wajen rage neuroinflammation, wanda sau da yawa yana hade da raguwar hankali.
Abubuwan Antioxidant: ROS scavenging da lipid peroxidation
7,8-DHF yana da kaddarorin antioxidant kamar yadda aka nuna ta ikonsa na lalata nau'in oxygen mai amsawa (ROS) da rage peroxidation na lipid. Wadannan tasirin suna ba da gudummawa ga tasirin neuroprotective ta hanyar kawar da cututtukan oxidative da ke haifar da lalacewar neuronal da rashin aiki.
Nazarin ya nuna cewa 7,8-DHF yana hana samar da cytokines masu kumburi da kuma rage kunna microglia, ƙwayoyin rigakafi a cikin tsarin kulawa na tsakiya. Wannan tasirin anti-mai kumburi ba kawai yana kare neurons ba amma kuma yana haifar da yanayi mai kyau don aikin fahimi.
Ganin tasirin sa masu amfani akan lafiyar kwakwalwa, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone yana da yuwuwar aikace-aikace a fannoni daban-daban na lafiya da magani. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun aikace-aikacen sun haɗa da:
Ƙarfafa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da dawo da su
An samo 7,8-DHF don haɓaka haɓaka ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da sake dawowa a cikin nau'o'in ilmantarwa na hippocampal daban-daban da ayyukan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin ƙirar rodent. Wadannan binciken sun nuna cewa 7,8-DHF na iya zama nootropic mai ban sha'awa don inganta aikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin mutane masu lafiya da waɗanda ke da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa.
Synaptic plasticity: dogon lokaci mai ƙarfi da damuwa
Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, an nuna 7,8-DHF don daidaita filastik synaptic ta hanyar inganta LTP da rage LTD a cikin hippocampus. Ana tsammanin waɗannan tasirin za a daidaita su ta ikon kunna masu karɓar TrkB kuma daga baya haɓaka hanyar siginar BDNF.
Wannan juzu'i na filastik synaptic yana ba da gudummawa ga haɓakawa a cikin aikin fahimi da aka lura bayan gudanarwar 7,8-DHF.
Haɓaka fahimi
Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, 7,8-DHF yana nuna yuwuwar haɓaka aikin fahimi da ƙwaƙwalwa. Wannan ya sa ya zama ɗan takara don kari da nufin haɓaka aikin tunani, musamman a cikin yawan mutanen da suka tsufa ko mutanen da ke da raguwar fahimi.
Absorption, Rarrabawa, Metabolism, da Excretion (ADME): 7,8-DHF yana nuna kyawawan kaddarorin magunguna, gami da saurin sha, rarrabawa, da ingantaccen shigar kwakwalwa. Hanta ne ke daidaita shi da farko, tare da mafi yawan abin da ke tattare da shi a cikin najasa kuma yana fitar da dan kadan a cikin fitsari.
Ƙwaƙwalwar shamakin jini-kwakwalwa da ƙurawar nama na kwakwalwa. Daya daga cikin key halaye na 7,8-DHFshine ikonsa na ketare shingen kwakwalwar jini (BBB) da shiga cikin nama na kwakwalwa, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga ingancinsa azaman nootropic.
Bayanan Bayanan Tsaro na Preclinical - Bincike da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru: Nazarin Tsaro na Preclinical ya nuna cewa 7,8-DHF yana da kyakkyawan bayanin martaba, ba tare da wani mummunan tasiri da aka gani a cikin m da kuma na yau da kullum mai guba binciken a cikin rodents. Koyaya, ana buƙatar ƙarin ƙimar aminci, gami da karatu a cikin manyan dabbobi da batutuwa na ɗan adam, don tantance amincin sa don amfani da asibiti.
Kodayake binciken da aka yi daidai ya nuna cewa 7,8-DHF yana da ingantaccen bayanin martaba na aminci, abubuwan da zasu iya haifar da illa a cikin batutuwan ɗan adam sun kasance ba a sani ba. Kamar kowane fili na labari, dole ne a yi taka tsantsan kuma a kula da illolin da za a iya haifarwa yayin da ake kimanta amfani da shi a cikin mutane.
Dangane da tsarin aikin 7,8-DHF da tasiri akan masu karɓa na TrkB, wasu tasiri masu tasiri waɗanda zasu iya haɗawa da 7,8-DHF na iya haɗawa da:
Ciwon kai: BDNF da TrkB kunnawa mai karɓa suna daidaita ayyukan neuronal da haɓakawa; gudanarwa na 7,8-DHF na iya haifar da ciwon kai a wasu mutane.
Rashin barci: Ƙara aikin neuronal da synaptic filastik na iya rinjayar yanayin barci, mai yuwuwar haifar da rashin barci ko rushewar barci.
Matsalolin Gastrointestinal: Kamar yawancin mahaɗan bioactive, 7,8-DHF na iya haifar da lahani na gastrointestinal, kamar tashin zuciya, amai, ko gudawa a wasu mutane.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa dole ne a ƙara yin nazarin waɗannan tasirin sakamako masu illa a cikin gwaji na asibiti. Ganin ikonsa na daidaita siginar BDNF da kunna mai karɓa na TrkB, ya kamata kuma a yi taka tsantsan yayin haɗa 7,8-DHF tare da wasu magunguna waɗanda ke da alaƙa da waɗannan hanyoyin ko kuma suna da irin wannan hanyoyin aiwatarwa.
A matsayin wani fili mai mahimmanci, 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone ya jawo hankali sosai saboda ayyukan ilimin halitta na musamman. Ga masu bincike na kimiyya da kamfanoni, yana da mahimmanci don nemo babban ingancin 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Foda. 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Foda wanda Suzhou Myland ya bayar yana da lambar CAS na 38183-03-8 da tsabta har zuwa 98%. Samfurin ya sami ingantaccen kulawar inganci kuma ya bi ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa, yana tabbatar da inganci da amincin samfurin. , dace da bincike na kimiyya, ci gaban ƙwayoyi, samar da samfuran kiwon lafiya da sauran fannoni, samar muku da ingantaccen zaɓi.
Tabbatar da inganci
Mun san cewa ingancin samfuranmu yana shafar binciken abokan cinikinmu kai tsaye da sakamakon aikace-aikacen. Sabili da haka, Suzhou Myland yana bin GMP (Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawan Ƙarfafawa) da ka'idodin takaddun shaida na ISO yayin aikin samarwa don tabbatar da daidaito da daidaiton kowane nau'in samfuran. Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyar R&D ɗinmu tana ci gaba da aiwatar da sabbin fasahohi da ƙoƙarin ci gaba da haɓaka ingancin samfur da aiki.
Sabis na abokin ciniki
Suzhou Myland ba wai kawai yana samar da samfurori masu inganci ba, har ma yana kula da bukatun abokin ciniki. Muna da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun da za ta iya ba abokan ciniki shawarwarin amfani da samfur da jagorar fasaha don taimaka wa abokan ciniki cimma kyakkyawan sakamako a cikin bincike da aikace-aikace. Ko yana da ƙananan gwaje-gwaje ko kuma samar da manyan ayyuka, za mu iya samar da mafita mai sauƙi don saduwa da bukatun abokan ciniki daban-daban.
Yadda ake samun foda 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone
Idan kuna neman babban ingancin 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Foda, Suzhou Myland shine zaɓinku mafi kyau. Kuna iya tuntuɓar mu ta:
Gidan yanar gizon hukuma: Ziyarci gidan yanar gizon hukuma na Suzhou Myland don ƙarin koyo game da bayanan samfur da tallafin fasaha.
Tuntuɓar kan layi: Sadarwa kai tsaye tare da ƙungiyar sabis na abokin ciniki ta hanyar aikin tuntuɓar kan layi wanda gidan yanar gizon ya bayar don samun bayanan samfur da ambaton da kuke buƙata.
Lambar waya: Kira lambar lambar mu don sadarwa tare da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan tallace-tallace da samun cikakkun bayanan samfur da shawarwarin siyayya.
Binciken imel: Hakanan zaka iya tambayar mu bayanin samfur ta imel, kuma za mu ba ka amsa da wuri-wuri.
A karshe
A matsayin wani abu mai mahimmanci tare da nau'o'in ayyukan ilimin halitta, 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone a hankali yana zama muhimmin sashi a cikin binciken kimiyya da aikace-aikacen masana'antu. Babban mai tsabta 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Foda wanda Suzhou Myland ya ba da shi zai ba da goyon baya mai karfi don binciken ku da ci gaban samfur tare da kyakkyawan inganci da sabis na aminci. Muna sa ran yin aiki tare da ku don bincika ƙarin damar aikace-aikacen 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone.
Q: Menene 7,8-dihydroxyflavone?
A: 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone wani flavonoid ne na halitta wanda aka sani da yuwuwar halayen neuroprotective kuma ana nazarinsa don tasirin sa akan aikin fahimi da haɓaka yanayi.
Q: Mene ne m amfanin 7,8-dihydroxyflavone?
A: Bincike ya nuna cewa 7,8-dihydroxyflavone na iya taimakawa wajen inganta ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, rage damuwa, da kuma hana cututtuka na neurodegenerative. Kayayyakin antioxidant ɗin sa na iya haɓaka lafiyar gabaɗaya ta hanyar yaƙar damuwa na oxidative.
Q: Menene bioavailability na 7,8-DHF?
A: The bioavailability na 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) a cikin dabba binciken ne kamar 5% (a cikin mice) saboda ta rashin solubility da sauri metabolism. Duk da ƙarancin bioavailability, 7,8-DHF na iya ketare shingen kwakwalwar jini kuma yana shafar kwakwalwa. Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tantance kasancewarsa a cikin ɗan adam da bincika hanyoyin haɓaka shi.
Q: Yaya 7,8-DHF ke sa ku ji?
A: A matsayin nootropic, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) yana da tasiri mai kyau akan aikin fahimi da yanayi. Mutane da yawa sun sami mafi kyawun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, haɓakar hankali, da haɓaka iyawar koyo.
Disclaimer: Wannan labarin don cikakken bayani ne kawai kuma bai kamata a fassara shi azaman kowane shawarar likita ba. Wasu daga cikin bayanan post ɗin suna fitowa daga Intanet kuma ba ƙwararru ba ne. Wannan gidan yanar gizon yana da alhakin rarrabuwa, tsarawa da gyara labarai kawai. Manufar isar da ƙarin bayani baya nufin kun yarda da ra'ayoyinsa ko tabbatar da sahihancin abun cikinsa. Koyaushe tuntuɓi ƙwararrun kula da lafiya kafin amfani da kowane kari ko yin canje-canje ga tsarin kula da lafiyar ku.
Lokacin aikawa: Oktoba-14-2024
