Duka ketones da esters biyu ne daga cikin mahimman ƙungiyoyin aiki a cikin sinadarai na halitta.Ana samun su a cikin nau'ikan mahadi iri-iri kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a yawancin hanyoyin nazarin halittu da sinadarai.Duk da kamanceceniyansu, halayensu da halayensu sun bambanta sosai.Bari mu bincika menene ketones da esters, yadda suke bambanta, yadda suke kamance, da abin da suke nufi a cikin ilmin sunadarai da ilmin halitta.
Ketones wani nau'in mahadi ne na kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙungiyar aikin carbonyl (C=O) a tsakiyar kwayar halitta.Ketones suna da ƙungiyoyi biyu na alkyl ko aryl da ke haɗe zuwa carbonyl carbon.Mafi sauƙaƙan waɗannan shine acetone, wanda ke da dabarar (CH3)2CO.Ana samar da su ta hanyar rushewar kitse a cikin jiki.Hakanan aka sani da jikin ketone, ketones sune sinadarai da ake samarwa lokacin da jikin ku ya fara karya mai maimakon carbohydrates don kuzari.
Ana samun Ketones daga fatty acids a cikin hanta kuma ana fitar da su cikin jini, inda za'a iya amfani da su azaman tushen kuzari ga sel da gabobin jiki.Lokacin da jiki ke cikin ketosis, yana dogara da ketones a matsayin tushen man fetur na farko, maimakon glucose, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa abincin ketogenic ya zama sananne a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.Koyaya, ba a samar da ketones kawai yayin azumi ko abincin ketogenic ba.Hakanan ana iya samar da su lokacin da jiki ke cikin damuwa, kamar lokacin motsa jiki mai ƙarfi, ko lokacin da ƙarancin insulin a cikin jiki, wanda zai iya faruwa ga masu ciwon sukari.
Ana samar da ketones guda uku yayin ketosis: acetone, acetoacetate, da beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB).Daga cikin su, acetone wani ketone ne da ake fitar da shi daga jiki ta hanyar numfashi, wanda ke samar da warin ‘ya’ya ko dadi a cikin numfashi, wanda akafi sani da “keto breath”.Wannan na iya zama alamar cewa jikinka ya shiga yanayin ketosis.Acetoacetate, wani ketone, ana samar dashi a cikin hanta kuma ƙwayoyin jiki suna amfani dashi don kuzari.Duk da haka, yana kuma canzawa zuwa BHB, mafi yawan nau'in ketone a cikin jini yayin ketosis.BHB zai iya ketare shingen kwakwalwar jini cikin sauƙi, ta haka yana ƙarfafa kwakwalwa kuma yana iya inganta tsabtar tunani da mai da hankali.
Esters sune mahadi na halitta tare da ayyukan RCOOR, inda R da R' kowane rukuni ne na halitta.An kafa Esters lokacin da acid carboxylic da alcohols suka amsa a ƙarƙashin yanayin acidic kuma suna kawar da kwayoyin ruwa.Ana yawan samun su a cikin mahimmin mai da 'ya'yan itatuwa da yawa.Misali, kamshin da ke cikin ayaba ya fito ne daga wani ester mai suna isoamyl acetate.
1. Turare
Daya daga cikin mafi yawan amfani da esters shine a cikin ƙamshi da ƙamshi saboda ƙamshi mai daɗi, 'ya'yan itace da ƙamshi mai daɗi, kuma suna taimakawa wajen haɓaka ƙamshin samfur baki ɗaya, yana mai da hankali ga masu amfani da shi.
2. Abincin abinci
Tsarin sinadarai na musamman na esters yana ba su damar ba da ƙamshin ’ya’yan itace da na fure, don haka ana amfani da esters a cikin masana’antar abinci, musamman a kayan ɗanɗano.Ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a yawancin abinci da suka haɗa da kayan marmari, kayan gasa da abubuwan sha.A cikin rayuwar yau da kullun, an yi amfani da esters wajen samar da kayan ɗanɗano na wucin gadi kuma sun zama kayan abinci na yau da kullun a yawancin abinci.
3. Filastik
A matsayin masu yin filastik, esters suna yin robobi mafi sassauƙa da dorewa.Don haka ana amfani da esters wajen kera robobi daban-daban, sannan kuma suna taimakawa wajen hana robobin karyewa cikin lokaci.Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga samfura masu ɗorewa kamar abubuwan haɗin mota ko na'urorin likita.
4. Mai narkewa
Domin esters na iya narkar da sinadarai kamar mai, resins da mai.Saboda haka, esters suna da amfani a cikin masana'antu da yawa a matsayin masu narkewa don narkar da wasu abubuwa.Esters sune masu kaushi mai kyau, wanda ke sa su amfani da su wajen samar da fenti, varnishes da adhesives.
Ta hanyar kwatanta ketones da esters, za mu iya gano cewa bambanci tsakanin ketones da esters ya fi girma a cikin abubuwan da ke biyowa:
1. Babban bambanci tsakanin ketones da esters shine galibi a cikin tsarin sinadarai.Ƙungiyar carbonyl na ketones tana cikin tsakiyar sarkar carbon, yayin da ƙungiyar carbonyl na esters tana a ƙarshen sarkar carbon.Wannan bambance-bambancen tsarin yana haifar da bambance-bambance a cikin halayensu na zahiri da na sinadarai.
●Ketones sune mahadi na halitta waɗanda ke da ƙungiyar carbonyl mai kunshe da zarra na oxygen sau biyu da aka haɗa da carbon atom wanda ke tsakiyar sarkar carbon.Tsarin sinadaran su shine R-CO-R', inda R da R' suke alkyl ko aryl.Ana samar da Ketones ta hanyar iskar oxygenation na barasa na biyu ko tsagewar acid carboxylic.Hakanan suna fuskantar keto-enol tautomerism, wanda ke nufin zasu iya wanzuwa a cikin nau'ikan ketone da enol.Ana yawan amfani da ketones wajen samar da kaushi, kayan polymer da magunguna.
●Esters sune mahadi na halitta suna da ƙungiyar carbonyl a ƙarshen sarkar carbon da ƙungiyar R da aka haɗe zuwa atom ɗin oxygen.Tsarin sinadaran su shine R-COOR', inda R da R' suke alkyl ko aryl.Esters suna samuwa ta hanyar amsawar acid carboxylic tare da barasa a gaban mai kara kuzari.Suna da ƙamshin ’ya’yan itace kuma galibi ana amfani da su wajen samar da turare, abubuwan da ake amfani da su da kuma kayan aikin filastik.
2.Babban bambanci tsakanin ketones da esters shine wurin tafasa su.Wurin tafasa na ketones ya fi na esters girma saboda suna da ƙarfin intermolecular ƙarfi.Ƙungiyar carbonyl a cikin ketone na iya samar da haɗin gwiwar hydrogen tare da kwayoyin ketone na kusa, wanda ya haifar da karfi na intermolecular.Sabanin haka, esters suna da ƙarfi na intermolecular masu rauni saboda rashin iyawar atom ɗin oxygen a cikin rukunin R don samar da haɗin gwiwar hydrogen tare da ƙwayoyin ester na kusa.
3.Bugu da kari, reactivity na ketones da esters sun bambanta.Saboda kasancewar ƙungiyoyi biyu na alkyl ko aryl a kowane gefen ƙungiyar carbonyl, ketones sun fi esters aiki.Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna iya ba da gudummawar electrons zuwa carbonyl, suna sa ya fi sauƙi ga harin nucleophilic.Sabanin haka, esters ba su da ƙarfin aiki saboda kasancewar ƙungiyar alkyl ko aryl akan zarra na oxygen.Wannan rukunin na iya ba da gudummawar electrons zuwa atom ɗin oxygen, yana mai da shi ƙasa da rauni ga harin nucleophilic.
4. Saboda tsarin daban-daban, wuraren tafasa da sake kunnawar ketones da esters, an ƙayyade bambance-bambancen amfani da su.Ana amfani da ketones sau da yawa wajen samar da kaushi, kayan polymer da kwayoyi, yayin da ake amfani da esters sau da yawa wajen samar da kayan kamshi, dandano da filastik.Hakanan ana amfani da Ketones azaman abubuwan ƙara mai a cikin mai, yayin da ake amfani da esters azaman mai mai a cikin injina.
Mun riga mun san cikakkun bayanai na ketones da esters, don haka menene bambanci tsakanin ketones, esters da ether?
Da farko, muna bukatar mu san abin da ether yake?ether yana ƙunshe da zarra na iskar oxygen da aka haɗa da ƙwayoyin carbon guda biyu.Su wani fili ne da aka sani don abubuwan da ke tattare da narcotic.ether yawanci ba su da launi, ƙasa da yawa fiye da ruwa, kuma suna da kyau masu kaushi ga sauran mahadi na halitta kamar mai da mai.Ana kuma amfani da su azaman abubuwan ƙara mai a cikin injunan mai don inganta aikin injinan.
Bayan fahimtar tsarin sinadarai da amfani da waɗannan ukun, za mu iya sani sarai cewa bambance-bambance tsakanin ketones, esters da ether sun haɗa da abubuwa biyu masu zuwa:
1. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan bambance-bambancen da za mu iya samu tsakanin ketones, esters, da ether shine ƙungiyoyin aikin su.Ketones sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin carbonyl, esters sun ƙunshi ester-COO-linkages, kuma ether's ba su ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi masu aiki ba.Ketones da esters suna raba wasu kamanceceniya a cikin abubuwan sinadarai.Dukansu mahadi biyun polar ne kuma suna iya samar da haɗin gwiwar hydrogen tare da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, amma haɗin gwiwar hydrogen a cikin ketones sun fi waɗanda ke cikin esters ƙarfi, yana haifar da wurin tafasa mafi girma.
2.Wani muhimmin bambanci shi ne cewa ukun suna da amfani daban-daban
(1)Daya daga cikin mafi yawan amfani da ketones shine azaman sauran ƙarfi don resins, waxes, da mai.Ana kuma amfani da su wajen samar da sinadarai masu kyau, magunguna da kuma agrochemicals.Ana amfani da ketones kamar acetone a cikin samar da robobi, zaruruwa da fenti.
(2)Ana amfani da Esters akai-akai a cikin masana'antar abinci da kayan kwalliya don ƙamshi da ɗanɗanonsu masu daɗi.Ana kuma amfani da su azaman kaushi don tawada, varnishes da polymers.Ana kuma amfani da Esters wajen samar da resins, robobi da surfactants.
(3)ether yana da fa'idar amfani da yawa saboda abubuwan da suka dace.Ana amfani da su azaman kaushi, anesthetics da surfactants, da sauransu.A cikin masana'antar noma, ana amfani da su azaman fumigants don kare amfanin gona da aka adana daga kwari da cututtukan fungal.Ana kuma amfani da ether wajen samar da resins na epoxy, adhesives da cladding kayan.
Ketones da esters suna da aikace-aikace da yawa a cikin sinadarai na halitta kuma suna gina tubalan hanyoyin masana'antu da yawa.Misali, ana amfani da ketones a matsayin kaushi, a cikin samar da magunguna da polymers.Esters, a gefe guda, ana amfani da su a cikin masana'antar turare da kayan kwalliya, a matsayin abubuwan dandano a cikin masana'antar abinci, azaman kaushi, da kuma a cikin fenti da sutura.
Lokacin aikawa: Juni-14-2023
